The following list comprises all known peer-reviewed veterinary clinical pathology biological variation in chronological order.  The data from these papers are shown in the database tables on this website.  Please let us know of any omissions via http://vetbiologicalvariation.org/contact-us/.

  1. Leissing N, Izzo R, Sargent H. Variance estimates and individuality ratios of 25 serum constituents in beagles. Clin Chem. 1985;31(1):83-86.

  2. Carakostas MC, Banerjee AK. Interpreting rodent clinical laboratory data in safety assessment studies: biological and analytical components of variation. Toxicol Sci. 1990;15(4):744-753.

  3. Jensen AL, Houe H, Nielsen C. Critical difference of some bovine haematological parameters. Acta Vet Scand. 1991;33(3):211-217.

  4. Jensen AL, Aaes H. Reference interval and critical difference for canine serum fructosamine concentration. Vet Res Commun. 1992;16(5):317-325.

  5. Jensen AL, Houe C, Nielsen C. Critical differences of clinical-chemical parameters in blood from Red Danish dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 1992;52(1):86-89.

  6. Jensen AL, Houe H, Nielsen C. Critical differences of clinical chemical components in blood from Red Danish dairy cows based on weekly measurements. J Comp Pathol. 1992;107(4):373-378.

  7. Jensen AL, Aaes H. Critical differences of clinical chemical parameters in blood from dogs. Res Vet Sci. 1993;54(1):10-14.

  8. Jensen AL, Høier R, Pedersen HD. Evaluation of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of free thyroxine in canine plasma samples assisted by data on biological variation. J Vet Med A. 1993;40(1‐10):539-545.

  9. Jensen AL, Pedersen HD, Koch J, Aaes H, Flagstad A. Applicability of the critical difference. J Vet Med A. 1993;40(1 10):624-630.

  10. Jensen AL, Høier R. Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Dogs by Hormone Analysis: Effects of Data on Biological Variation. Vet Clin Pathol. 1996;25(4):130-134.

  11. Jensen AL, Iversen L, Petersen T. Study on biological variability of haematological components in dogs. Comp Hematol Int. 1998;8(4):202-204.

  12. Loste A, Marca MC. Diabetes mellitus in dogs: a study of the critical difference for canine serum fructosamine. Vet Rec. 1998;142(20):547-548.

  13. Iversen L, Jensen AL, Høier R, Aaes H. Biological variation of canine serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. Vet Clin Pathol. 1999;28(1):16-19.

  14. Jensen AL, Aaes H, Iversen L, Petersen TK. The long-term biological variability of fasting plasma glucose and serum fructosamine in healthy beagle dogs. Vet Res Commun. 1999;23(2):73-80.

  15. Marca MC, Loste A. Glycosylated haemoglobin in dogs: study of critical difference value. Res Vet Sci. 2001;71(2):115-117.

  16. Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Jensen AL, Heegaard PMH. Evaluation of an Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Determination of Porcine Haptoglobin. J Vet Med A. 2001;48(9):513-523.

  17. Scope A, Schwendenwein I, Gabler C. Short-term variations of biochemical parameters in racing pigeons (Columba livia). J Avian Med Surg. 2002;16(1):10-15.

  18. Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Mikkelsen LF, Kristensen AT, Jensen AL. Study on biological variability of five acute-phase reactants in dogs. Comp Clin Pathol. 2003;12(2):69-74.

  19. Martı́nez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Cerón JJ. Critical differences of acute phase proteins in canine serum samples. Vet J. 2003;166(3):233-237.

  20. Choi E-w, Shin D-hB, Kim CyH, Youn H-y, Lee C-w. Clinical Chemical Parameters in Dogs. J Vet Clin. 2005;22(3):198-201.

  21. Scope A, Schwendenwein I, Frommlet F. Biological variation, individuality and critical differences of eight biochemical blood constituents in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Vet Rec. 2006;159(25):839-843.

  22. Bertelsen MF, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Howell JR, Crawshaw GJ. Short-term biological variation of clinical chemical values in dumeril's monitors (Varanus dumerili). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2007;38(2):217-221.

  23. Pagitz M, Frommlet F, Schwendenwein I. Evaluation of biological variance of cystatin C in comparison with other endogenous markers of glomerular filtration rate in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(5):936-942.

  24. Wiinberg B, Jensen AL, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Rojkjaer R, Johansson PI, Gade LP, Gram DX, Kristensen AT. Study on biological variation of haemostatic parameters in clinically healthy dogs. Vet J. 2007;174(1):62-68.

  25. Carney PC, Ruaux CG, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Biological Variability of C‐Reactive Protein and Specific Canine Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity in Apparently Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(4):825-830.

  26. Pinches MD, Betts CJ, Bickerton SJ, Beattie L, Burdett LD, Thomas HT, Derbyshire NA, Moores M, Price SA. Evaluation of Novel Urinary Renal Biomarkers: Biological Variation and Reference Change Values. Toxicol Pathol. 2012;40(3):541-549.

  27. Ruaux CG, Carney PC, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Estimates of biological variation in routinely measured biochemical analytes in clinically healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2012;41(4):541-547.

  28. Heilmann RM, Ruaux CG, Burgener IA, Hern JD, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum alpha1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations in healthy dogs – method validation and determination of reference interval and intra-individual variation. Vet Clin Pathol. 2013;42(2):190-195.

  29. Hyldahl Laursen S, Andersen PH, Kjelgaard‐Hansen M, Wiinberg B. Comparison of components of biological variation between 3 equine thromboelastography assays. Vet Clin Pathol. 2013;42(4):443-450.

  30. Baral RM, Dhand NK, Freeman KP, Krockenberger MB, Govendir M. Biological variation and reference change values of feline plasma biochemistry analytes. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16(4):317-325.

  31. Jones MP, Arheart KL, Cray C. Reference Intervals, Longitudinal Analyses, and Index of Individuality of Commonly Measured Laboratory Variables in Captive Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). J Avian Med Surg. 2014;28(2):118-126.

  32. Belge Kurutuş E, Sermin G. Biological Variation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Lactic Dehydrogenase in Mice. Blood. 2015;3(21):18.

  33. Bourgès-Abella NH, Gury TD, Geffré A, Concordet D, Thibault-Duprey KC, Dauchy A, Trumel C. Reference Intervals, Intraindividual and Interindividual Variability, and Reference Change Values for Hematologic Variables in Laboratory Beagles. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(1):17-24.

  34. Ruaux CG, Scollan K, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Sisson DD. Biologic variability in NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin-I in healthy dogs and dogs with mitral valve degeneration. Vet Clin Pathol. 2015;44(4):420-430.

  35. Blois SL, Lang ST, Wood RD, Monteith G. Biologic variability and correlation of platelet function testing in healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2015;44(4):503-510.

  36. Strage EM, Theodorsson E, Ström Holst B, Lilliehöök I, Lewitt MS. Insulin-like growth factor I in cats: validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determination of biologic variation. Vet Clin Pathol. 2015;44(4):542-551.

  37. Strage EM. Biological variation of serum insulin concentrations in healthy cats. Acta Vet Scand. 2015;57(1):O14.

  38. Falkenö U, Hillström A, von Brömssen C, Strage EM. Biological variation of 20 analytes measured in serum from clinically healthy domestic cats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2016;28(6):699-704.

  39. Scruggs JL, Flatland B, McCormick KA, Reed A. Biological variation of thromboelastography variables in ten clinically healthy horses. J Vet Emerg Crit. Care. 2016;26(1):80-84.

  40. Heilmann RM, Cranford SM, Ambrus A, Grützner N, Schellenberg S, Ruaux CG, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Validation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of canine S100A12. Vet Clin Pathol. 2016; 45(1):135-147.

  41. Trumel C, Monzali C, Geffré A, Concordet DV, Hourqueig L, Braun J-PD, Bourgès-Abella NH. Hematologic and Biochemical Biologic Variation in Laboratory Cats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(5):503-509.

  42. Harris AN, Estrada AH, Gallagher AE, Winter B, Lamb KE, Bohannon M, Hanscom J, Mainville CA. Biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in adult healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2017;19(2):216-223.

  43. Winter RL, Saunders AB, Gordon SG, Buch JS, Miller MW. Biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in healthy dogs and dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol. 2017;19(2):124-131.

  44. Gal A, Weidgraaf K, Bowden J, Lopez‐Villalobos N, Cave N, Chambers J, Castillo‐Alcala, F. Biological Variability in Serum Cortisol Concentration Post‐adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation in Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2017; 13(3):711-716.

  45. Winter RL, Saunders AB, Gordon SG, Miller MW, Fosgate GT, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Biologic variability of cardiac troponin I in healthy dogs and dogs with different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease using standard and high‐sensitivity immunoassays. Vet Clin Pathol. 2017; 46(2):299–307.

  46. Cohn-Urbach M, Ruaux CG, Nemanic S. Estimates of biologic variation in specific feline pancreatic lipase concentrations in cats without clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis. Vet Clin Pathol. 2017; 46(4):615-9.

  47. Heilmann RM, Grützner N, Handl S, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Preanalytical validation of an in‐house radioimmunoassay for measuring calprotectin in feline specimens. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018; 47(1):100-7.

  48. Kopke MA, Burchell RK, Ruaux CG, Burton SE, Lopez‐Villalobos N, Gal A. Variability of symmetric dimethylarginine in apparently healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2018; 32(2):736-42.

    48a. Baral RM, Freeman KP. Variability of symmetric dimethylarginine in apparently healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2019; 33(1):7.

  49. Cuq B, Blois SL, Wood RD, Monteith G, Abrams‐Ogg AC, Bédard C, Wood GA. Reproducibility, stability, and biological variability of thrombin generation using calibrated automated thrombography in healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol. 2018; 47(2):218-26.

  50. Shropshire SB, Olver CS, Lappin MR. Variability of tissue factor‐activated thromboelastography and whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit. Care. 2018; 28(4):334-9.

    50a. Baral RM, Freeman KP. Question relating to the methodology of a study evaluating thromboelastography and platelet aggregometry in healthy dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit. Care. 2019; 29(2):210

  51. Ilchyshyn NP, Villiers E, Monti P. Validation of a spectrophotometric method for GGT measurement in canine urine and determination of the urine GGT-to-creatinine ratio reference interval and biological variation in 41 healthy dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2019; 31(1):33-9.

  52. Wright ME, Croser EL, Raidal S, Baral RM, Robinson W, Lievaart J, Freeman KP. Biological variation of routine haematology and biochemistry measurands in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2019; 51(3):384-90.

  53. Heilmann RM, Ruaux CG, Grützner N, Cranford SM, Bridges CS, Steiner JM. Biological variation of serum canine calprotectin concentrations as measured by ELISA in healthy dogs. Vet J. 2019; 247:61-4

  54. Prieto JM, Carney PC, Miller ML, Rishniw M, Randolph JF, Lamb SV, Place NJ, Peterson ME. Short-term biological variation of serum thyroid hormones concentrations in clinically healthy cats. Domest anim endocrinol. 2020; 71:106389.

  55. Prieto JM, Carney PC, Miller ML, Rishniw M, Randolph JF, Farace G, Bilbrough G, Yerramilli M, Peterson ME. Biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in clinically healthy cats. Vet Clin Pathol. 2020; 49(3):401-6.

  56. Perrin KL, Kristensen AT, Gray C, Nielsen SS, Bertelsen MF, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Biological variation of hematology and biochemistry parameters for the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), and applicability of population derived reference intervals. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2020; 51(3):643-51.

  57. Strage EM, Ley CJ, Forkman J, Öhlund M, Stadig S, Bergh A, Ley C. Homeostasis model assessment, serum insulin and their relation to body fat in cats. BMC Vet Res. 2021; 17(1):1-10.

  58. Summers S, Quimby J, Yao L, Hess A, Broeckling C, Lappin M. Biological variation of major gut‐derived uremic toxins in the serum of healthy adult cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2021; 35(2):902-11.

  59. Hillaert A, Liu DJ, Daminet S, Broeckx BJ, Stock E, Paepe D, Hesta M, Vanderperren K. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine shows a relatively consistent long-term concentration in healthy dogs with a significant effect of increased body fat percentage. PLOS one. 2021; 16(2):e0247049.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (not performed in duplicate, no CVA determined)

  60. Kovačević V, Cincović MR, Belić B, Đoković R, Lakić I, Radinović M, Potkonjak A. Biological variations of hematologic and biochemical parameters in cows during early lactation. Pol J Vet Sci. 2021; 24(1):119-25.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (CVa methodology not clear)

  61. Jordan A, Gray R, Terkildsen M, Krockenberger M. Biological variation of total thyroxine (T4), free T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone in 11 clinically healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2021; 23(6):592-7

  62. Sitompul YY, Knowles T, Barrows M. The biological variation, index of individuality, and reference change value for hematological and blood chemical analytes in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Exot Pet Med. 2022 40:60-6.

    62a.      Baral RM, Freeman KP. Biological variation study guidelines should be followed for all species, including ferrets. J Exot Pet Med. 2022 41:20.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (does not follow guidelines)

  63. Colburn ME, Schnelle AN, Wong YK, Whitmore EM, Reilly JD, Adamovicz LA, Keller KA, Allender MC. Short-term biological variability of hematology parameters in the bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2022 53(2):284-90.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (does not follow guidelines)

  64. Nikolic S, Belic B, Cincovic M, Novakov N, Plavsa N, Savic S. The effects of biological and health characteristics of dogs on intraindividual variability of blood parameters. Turk J of Vet Anim Sci. 2022;46(3):385-95.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (does not follow guidelines)

  65. Chen H, Maron L, Segev G. Short‐term intra‐individual variation of urinary biomarkers in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2023 37(1):184-90.

    NOT ADDED TO TABLES (does not follow guidelines)

  66. Smith SM, Carney PC, Prieto JM, Miller ML, Randolph JF, Farace G, Peterson S, Bilbrough G, Peterson ME. Biological variation of biochemical analytes determined at 8‐week intervals for 1 year in clinically healthy cats. Vet Clin Path. 2023 52(1):44-52.

  67. Bonsembiante F, Guglielmini C, Berlanda M, Fiocco P, Biancani B, Genovese C, Bedin S, Gelain ME. Biological Variation and Reference Change Value of Routine Hematology Measurands in a Population of Managed Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animals. 2023 13(8):1313.

  68. Selin AK, Lilliehöök I, Forkman J, Larsson A, Pelander L, Strage EM. Biological variation of biochemical urine and serum analytes in healthy dogs. Vet Clin Path. 2023 52(3): 461-474

  69. Prieto JM, Carney PC, Smith SM, Miller ML, Rishniw M, Randolph JF, Salerno VJ, Lamb SV, Place NJ, Farace G, Peterson S. Biological variation of serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormones concentrations determined at 8-week intervals for 1 year in clinically healthy cats. Vet Clin Path. 2023 52(3): 493-502

  70. Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Biscop A, Paepe D. Biological variation of urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats. J Vet Int Med. 2023 37(6):2261-8.

  71. Rossi G, Liu KF, Kershaw H, Riddell D, Hyndman TH, Monks D, Musk GC. Biological Variation in Biochemistry Analytes in Laboratory Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus). Vet Sci. 2023 10(10):621.

  72. Browning GR, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Howard LL, Keener L, LaFarga M, Perrin KL. Biological variation of hematology parameters and clinical application in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2024 55(1):173-181.

  73. Tamamoto T, Miki Y, Sakamoto M, Yoshii M, Yamada M, Sudo D, Fusato Y, Ozawa J, Satake C. Biological variation of 16 biochemical analytes estimated from a large clinicopathologic database of dogs and cats. Vet Clin Path. 2024 53(2):218-228.

    NB indirect (big data) methodology

 
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